What is Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid)?

Hyperthyroidism, also known as an overactive thyroid, is a condition characterised by excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions through the secretion of hormones. When the thyroid gland becomes overactive and produces an excess of thyroid hormones, it can lead to a range of symptoms and health complications.

The two primary hormones produced by the thyroid gland are thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are involved in controlling metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of thyroid hormones accelerate the body’s metabolism, causing an array of physical and physiological changes.

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism, or an overactive thyroid, can cause a variety of symptoms that stem from the excessive production of thyroid hormones. The condition affects multiple systems in the body and can manifest in different ways. Here are some common hyperthyroidism symptoms:

• Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss despite increased appetite is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism. The accelerated metabolism caused by excess thyroid hormones can lead to rapid weight loss, even when food intake is increased.
• Heat intolerance: Individuals with hyperthyroidism may have increased sensitivity to heat. They may feel hot or sweaty, even in situations where others are comfortable or cool.
• High blood pressure: Hyperthyroidism can contribute to increased blood pressure. The elevated levels of thyroid hormones can affect the cardiovascular system, leading to higher blood pressure readings. It’s important to monitor blood pressure regularly if you have hyperthyroidism.
• Genetics and hypertension: While hyperthyroidism itself does not directly cause hypertension (high blood pressure), certain genetic factors may contribute to both conditions occurring together. If you have a family history of hypertension, it’s essential to be aware of the potential link with hyperthyroidism and discuss it with your healthcare provider.
• Fatigue and muscle weakness: Despite increased metabolism, individuals with hyperthyroidism may experience persistent fatigue and muscle weakness. The constant stimulation of the body’s systems can eventually lead to muscle breakdown and weakness.
• Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia): Excessive thyroid hormones can affect the heart’s normal rhythm and lead to irregular heartbeat patterns, known as arrhythmias. These irregular heartbeats can manifest as a rapid or pounding heartbeat or skipped beats. It’s important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual heart rhythm symptoms.
• Increased sweating: Hyperthyroidism can lead to excessive sweating, even without physical exertion or warm temperatures. Excessive perspiration can occur throughout the day and may be more pronounced at night (night sweats).
• Nervousness and anxiety: Hyperthyroidism can cause an increase in anxiety levels, leading to feelings of nervousness, restlessness, irritability, and mood swings. Some individuals may also experience difficulty concentrating or have memory problems.
• Insomnia: The overactive thyroid gland can disrupt normal sleep patterns, leading to insomnia or difficulty falling asleep. Sleep disturbances can further contribute to feelings of fatigue and exhaustion.

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

Here are some common hyperthyroidism causes:

• Excessive iodine intake: An excessive intake of iodine, either through certain medications or dietary supplements, can trigger hyperthyroidism, particularly in individuals who are susceptible to the condition. Iodine is an essential component in the production of thyroid hormones, and excess can overstimulate the thyroid gland.
• Thyroid nodules: Abnormal growths or lumps in the thyroid gland, called thyroid nodules, can lead to hyperthyroidism. These nodules produce thyroid hormones autonomously, independent of the normal regulatory mechanisms. Not all thyroid nodules cause hyperthyroidism, but when they do, it is referred to as toxic nodular or multinodular goitre.
• Graves’ disease: The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder. In this condition, the body’s immune system mistakenly stimulates the thyroid gland to produce excess hormones. Graves’ disease often results in an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) and may also cause eye problems known as Graves ophthalmopathy.
• Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland can cause the stored thyroid hormones to leak into the bloodstream, resulting in temporary hyperthyroidism. There are different types of thyroiditis, including subacute thyroiditis, silent thyroiditis, and postpartum thyroiditis.
• Medications and medical treatments: Certain medications and medical treatments can induce hyperthyroidism as a side effect. Examples include amiodarone (a heart medication), interferon-alpha (used for hepatitis C or certain cancers), and radiation therapy for head and neck cancers.
• Genetics: There is evidence to suggest that genetic factors can contribute to the development of hyperthyroidism. If you have a family history of the condition, you may have a higher risk of developing hyperthyroidism.

Diagnosis & Treatment for Hyperthyroidism

Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism:

When hyperthyroidism is suspected, a healthcare professional will conduct a thorough evaluation to confirm the diagnosis. The diagnostic process typically involves the following:

• Medical history and physical examination: The healthcare provider will review your symptoms and medical history, including any family history of thyroid disorders. They will also perform a physical examination, checking for signs such as an enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) and other associated symptoms.
• Blood tests: Blood tests are conducted to measure the levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In hyperthyroidism, T3 and T4 levels are elevated, while TSH levels are typically decreased.
• Radioactive iodine uptake test: This test measures how much radioactive iodine is taken up by the thyroid gland. It helps determine the cause of hyperthyroidism, such as Graves’ disease or thyroid nodules.
• Imaging studies: In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or a thyroid scan may be ordered to visualise the thyroid gland and identify any abnormalities.

Hyperthyroidism Treatment:

Hyperthyroidism treatment aims to restore thyroid hormone levels to normal and alleviate symptoms. The most appropriate treatment option depends on factors such as the underlying cause, severity of symptoms, age, and overall health. Here are common treatment approaches:

• Medications:
  • Antithyroid drugs: These medications, such as methimazole or propylthiouracil (PTU), work by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones. They are often prescribed for individuals with Graves’ disease or thyroiditis.
  • Beta-blockers: These medications help manage symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, tremors, and anxiety by blocking the effects of excess thyroid hormones on the body.
  • Radioactive iodine therapy: In this treatment, a radioactive form of iodine is taken orally. The iodine is selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland, where it destroys the overactive thyroid tissue. This gradually reduces hormone production. Radioactive iodine therapy is commonly used in cases of Graves’ disease or toxic nodular goitre.
• Surgery (thyroidectomy): Surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland may be recommended in certain cases, such as large goitres, thyroid nodules, or if other treatment options are not suitable or effective.
• Beta-adrenergic blocking agents: These medications can help manage symptoms of rapid heartbeat, tremors, and anxiety, providing temporary relief until other treatments take effect.
• Lifestyle modifications: In addition to medical treatments, certain lifestyle modifications can help manage hyperthyroidism. These may include reducing stress, eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, and ensuring adequate rest and sleep.

In a Nutshell

Are you concerned about your thyroid health? Finding the right physician who specialises in thyroid disorders can make a significant difference in managing hyperthyroidism effectively.

By scheduling an appointment with a knowledgeable physician, you’ll gain access to accurate diagnosis, personalised treatment options, and ongoing care. They can help you navigate the complexities of hyperthyroidism and provide expert guidance tailored to your specific needs.

Don’t let hyperthyroidism hold you back.

Take control of your health today!